PUBLIC PERCEPTION OF THE ROLE OF RADIO IN CURBING CORRUPTION IN NIGERIA SOCIETY

ABSTRACT

This research work will investigate the public perception of the role of the radio in curbing corruption in Nigerian society as well as the problems encountered in the process of performing this role. Media plays an important public accountability role by monitoring and investigating the actions of those who are granted public trust and who may be tempted to abuse their office for private gain. The objective of the study is to assess public perception of the role of radio in curbing corruption. Based on this, the researcher would adopt survey research method in carrying out this investigation.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Chapter I

Introduction

1.1        Background of the study                                              

1.2        Statement of the Research Problem                      

1.3        Objectives of the study                                               

1.4        Significance of the study                                              

1.5        Research Questions                                                    

1.6        Research Hypothesis                                           

1.7        Theoretical Framework                                                

1.8        Scope of Studies                                                        

1.9        Limitation of the study                                         

1.10    Definition of Terms (Conceptual and Operational)    

Reference

CHAPTER II

        Literature Review

2.1    Sources of Literature                                          

2.2    The Review                                                               

2.3    Summary of Literature                                                

References                        

CHAPTER III

3.1    Research Method                                                

3.2    Research Design                                                 

3.2    Area of Study                                                            

3.3    Research Population                                            

3.4    Research Sample                                                       

3.5    Sampling Technique                                                    

3.6    Instrument for Data Collection                              

3.7    Method of Data Collection                                    

3.8    Method of Data Analysis                                              

3.9    Expected Result                                                 

Reference

CHAPTER IV

Presentation and Interpretation of Findings     

4.1    Data Presentation and Analysis                             

4.2    Analysis of Research Question/Hypothesis              

4.3    Discussion of Result                                            

Reference

CHAPTER V

Summary, Conclusion and Recommendations  

5.1    Summary of Major Findings                                 

5.2    Conclusion                                                         

5.3    Recommendations                                                      

        Bibliography

        Appendix                       

        References

CHAPTER I

1.1    BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

Qualitative, independent media reporting on corruption can play an important role in pressuring the government to act in the public interest. By drawing the attention to behaviour that is generally perceived as acceptable and exposing such behaviour as corrupt media can raise public awareness, activate anti-corruption values and generate outside pressure from the public against corruption (Rose Ackerman, 1999).

        The impact of media reporting on corruption can be “tangible” and “intangible” (Stapenburst, 2000). It is tangible when some sort of visible outcome can be attributed to a particular news story or series of stories for instance, the launching of investigation by authorities, the scrapping of a law or policy promoting opportunities for corruption, the impeachment or forced resignation of a crooked politician, the firing of an official, the launching of judicial proceedings, the issuing of public recommendations by a watchdog body and so on. It is intangible when checks on corruption arise. From the broader social climate of enhance political pluralism, enlivened public debate and a heightened  sense of accountability among politicians, public bodies and institutions that are inevitable by the product of a hard hitting, independent news media.

        How well media can perform the role of watchdog on corruption, however, depends on a number of factors defined by the politicians, economic and legal environment in which media operates. Media freedom of expression access to information ownership competition, credibility and outreach are some of the key factors that have been identified as effecting the quality and effectiveness of media performance on corruption (Vogi, 1999, Djankov, 2000 Stapenburst, 2000, Ahrend, 2002, Brunetti and Weder, 2003, Suphachalasai, 2005).

        This paper will review how these factors can affect the role and performance of media in curbing corruption and relate that discussion to Uganda during president musevenis no “party” rule between 1986 and 2006. The paper will examine how the political and institutional changes that occurred during those years have redefined the boundaries of media’s performance, how and to what extent media were able to exercise a role as a watchdog on corruption within those boundaries and what are the prospects for a more institutionalized role of media in that regard in the future.

        The paper will first discuss the type of impact that media can have on corruption and the factors affecting that performance. It will then focus on three main periods under Museveni’s “no party” system during which important political and institutional changes took place that affected the role and performance of media in (significant ways 1).

        The transition and consolidation of the new regime and the establishment of “no party” or “movement” system (1986 – 1995) the entering into effect of the new constitution and the first presidential and parliamentary elections (1996 2001 and 3). The transition to a multi-party system (2001 – 2006) media can play an important public accountability role by monitoring and investigating the actions of those who are granted public trust and who may be tempted to abuse their office for private gain (Eigen, 1999). In the media’s role in curbing corruption Rick Stapenhurst provides a useful list of tangible and intangible affects that aggressive and independent journalism can have on corruption (Stapenhurst, 2000). This list provides a useful tool to assess the role and effectiveness of media as an instrument of public accountability in Uganda, which will be used throughout this paper.

        Tangible effects are those that can be readily attributed to a particular news story or series of news stories for example, the launching of investigations by the parliament or other authorities into allegations of corruption the censure, impeachment or forced resignation of corrupt politicians, the firing of public officers, the launching of judicial proceedings, the issuing of public recommendations by a watchdog body. The scrapping of a law or policy that creates an environment conducive or even contributing to corruption.

        Media coverage of corruption might also contribute to shape public hostility towards corrupt behaviour that might result in the electoral defeat of individual politicians or of an entire government and laws that otherwise create the conditions for corrupt behaviour. News stories assessing the work and exposing flaws, weakness and even corruption in accountability institutions, such as courts, police and anti-corruption agencies might lead to public pressure to reform these institutions.

        The products of all these actions might be to increase the cost of corrupt behaviour among public accountability to enhance the legitimacy of watchdog bodies and their independence from vested interest within the power structure that might otherwise interfere with their work and to encourage witness of corruption to come forward. Media aggressive reporting on corruption on corruption might also prompt pre-emptive responses by authorities eager to protect their reputation and the public image of their institution before any allegation is aired. More intangible and indirect effect of media reporting on corruption have to be seen in the context of the broader role that media plays in society particularly in context of weak political competition as in the case of Uganda and of many other Africa countries these contexts aggressive and independent journalism act as an indirect check on the sort of corruption that would otherwise flourish in the absence of political competition.

        By simply informing the public and presenting a variety of points of view media can promote public debate and enhance political and economic competition. Such competition might enhance accountability open up alternatives to dealing with corrupt networks and creat incentives for political leaders to move against corruption. It might also encourage public participation and inform the debate by taking the lead in pressing to enhance civil liberties such as freedom of expression. By disseminating knowledge about public decisions and procedures beyond a small elite group of decision makers, media can also play a major role in undermining a precondition to corruption which is the “shared knowledge” among a restricted circle of beneficiaries of corruption. How effectively media work and report on corruption depends on a number of critical factors such as freedom of media professionals to access, verify and publish accurate information and their ability to access independent source of financing. Competition, outreach and credibility of media are other important factors affecting media performance factors affecting media performance which will be examined below.

        The widespread popularity and profitability of radio in Uganda ensure that once the political restrictions were lifted in 1997, private FM radio stations proliferate rapidly from 6 licensed private radio stations at the end of 1997 to 68 in 2003, to 100 in 2004 and to 118 in 2005.

        Radio is the primary soured of information and entertainment in the country. Although no station has national coverage, radio has been able to broadcast from the most remote areas of the country and in all languages. In the strifectorun north for example, mega fin supported by the UK department for international development has become trusted for information about the war, peace talks and the whereabouts of missing relatives (financial time, 2007).

        Local radio in Uganda have effectively carried out government promoted campaigns, such as the campaign against poverty and HIV/AIDS popular call-in talk shows have increased access to other sources of information such as newspapers, television and internet and to other views in the country by giving voice to a majority of Ugandas.