THE ROLES OF UNIVERSAL BANKS IN INTERNATIONAL TRADE FINANCING IN NIGERIA. (A CASE STUDY OF OCEANIC BANK PLC)

ABSTRACT

The research work was carried out to examine the importance of import and exports in International Trade Finance, various risks, methods of preventing these risks, trade incentives and facilities the Federal Government is rendering to facilitate international trade.  

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY 

International trade is the exchange of goods and services between countries including business enterprises and individual domiciled in different countries of the world. The exchange of goods and services through international trade does not only enable a country to produce these goods and services for which if is best suited, based on its natural endowments (e.g. fertile soil, mineral resources, climate) but also allow a country experiencing. Acute domestic, shortage (resulting perhaps from bed harvest, draught e.t.c) to remedy the situation through importation. Thus, it has been said that international trade cannot be gain said

 Natures of world are not self sufficient. They rely on each other for the supply of what they lack. Thus, natures exchange what they have with what they do not have

International trade can be bilateral or multilateral. If it is bilateral it means such trade is between two countries only e.g Nigeria exchanges her crude oil with Britain and in return. Britain gives her manufactured goods to Nigeria such as building materials, tires, foods, item etc. when a trade is multilateral; it means such trade involves more than two countries. It can be trade between U.S.A, Nigeria, Switzerland and India. Trade could be tangible or intangible. Tangible goods are physical or visible good and intangible goods are invisible goods, such as shipping, banking, insurance etc.

The country economy today is dominated by oil sector, which accounted for over 90% of Gross Domestic Product (GDP) before the increase in the price of oil in the early seventies, agricultural produce are used to finance the immediate post independence development programmed for this reason, Nigeria has since the attainment of independence been at the vanguard of exportation of goods and services subsequent to the discovery of crude oil. It is noteworthy that little was know by economic Plaines about export promotion, financing and activities were limited to a range of agricultural commodities and these solely financed by the marketing board. In industrial sector, import substitution was the cornerstone of industrialization policy. The policy whose main objective was to offer protection to in faint industrial, replace imported goods and there by conserving foreign exchange

The economic problem could be traced to the world economic depression. The fall of our export was due to the mono-product nature of external trade. Misplacement of priorities by our leaders and frivolous spending pattern of the civilian administration causes by money illusion we had over the years and this led to unemployment problem low production and services which brought about difficulties in balance of payment with all the problem the country them realized the need to look beyond the oil sector for the purpose of generating more earnings an exports. It is for these reasons that the Nigeria Export Promotion Council (NEPC). Nigeria Export and Import Bank (NEXIM), Nigeria Association of Exports (NAE) were established to improve the differences between the exporters and importers. It could be recalled that one of the major specific objectives of structural adjustment programme (SAP) introduced in 1986 was to restructure and diversify the productive base of the economy in order to reduce the dependence on oil and imports. In strong attempt to lay a foundation for the promotion of non-oil exports, the government promulgated export incentive and miscellaneous provision decree which was designed to enhance the exportation of non-oil products from the country.

The introduction of second – Tier Foreign Exchange Market (SFEM) marked the beginning of aggressiveness in non-oil export marketing in Nigeria and the assumption of change in export financing activities by banks. There is no doubt tat the high prices arising from the new exchange rates been an important factor in stimulating agricultural sector, which has a big potentials for increasing agricultural production for export in particular.

The prices of major agricultural produce have increased since the adjustment was started. The history of banking then gradually spread and become substantially involved in financing the product marketing of the companies. The services the universal bank offer to the customer, government and the society at large include lending, acceptance of deposits, bill discounting and from exchange transaction to meet the universal and industry. Among the services includes the provision of working capital requirement, short, medium and long term loans, foreign exchange transactions involving letter of credit, documentary collecting etc.

Bankers’ letter now gone beyond the provision of banking services to corporate services. The corporate financial services offered by bank range from capital issue, loan syndication to equipment lending forfeiting acceptance credits, availing, bonds, guarantees and indemnities, etc. in this way, bank can as part and parcel be included in the history of international trade finance in Nigeria. 

PURPOSE OF THE STUDY

It is established fact that there is need to promote exportation so as to make Nigeria economy export oriented to ensure balance of trade, but importation can not be absolutely discourage because some goods (e.g. heavily duty machine, chemical etc.) have to be imported so as to facilitate produce for exportation.

It is in line with this and the desire to respond to economic problem that this project is set dig deep into roles of universal bank in development of export and import of goods and services to point out the factors or risks militating against the maximization of the objectives or gains arising from international economic activities, and possible solution to these critical budget factors and the trade facilities and incentives put in place by the government in supporting the Nigeria bank in financing international trade

STATEMENT OF PROBLEM

The purpose of this study is to ingidre into the Nigeria Economy and in so doing, the following will be analyzed. 

Hi:       That the value of Nation’s Currency has an impact on the International Trade.

Hi:       That a highly international trade financing will be affected by interest rate risks.

Hi:       That the exchange regulation of the countries concerned highly affects international trade

finance.  

Hi:       That these inflation rate and partly conditions have great impact on International Trade finance. 

Hi:       That the International Trade finance has effect on the banks.

Hi:       That the International Trade finance should be encouraged.

SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

This study will go a long way in revealing to the general public/importers and exporters the importance of International Trade finance, to achieve this: 

• The research will ensure and facilitate replication.  
• It will enlighten the students as well as the general public about the various service that universal have at their disposal in International Trade Financing.
• It will reveal to the general public/importers and exporters of the various risks that is attached to International Trade and how they can get access to these incentives and facilities.     
• It will add to the numerous materials in the library as well as widen the horizon of the general public.
• It will cover major aspects of international finance in perspective in order to exposing the major details of international finance activities for the purpose of a systematic appraised of the skills required of an ideal finance mangers that can entrusted with the full responsibilities of the foreign operation of an enterprises

1.5       SCOPE OR DELIMITATION OF THE STUDY

It is necessary at the on set to delimit the scope of this study. The research work will be careful to the importance of international finance, factors affecting finance of International Trade and the possible remedies, the roles of universal banks in international Trade financing, currency transfer mechanics methods of setting international transaction and inter bank financial instruments.

1.6       LIMITATION OF THE STUDY

The researcher intends to have in the course of the study an over view of finance of International Trade financing and the incentives and facilities provided by the government to facilitating  international finance. In the course of carrying out this study, the researches are as follows:

TIME: - The researchers tight schedule which he must also use for the other alternative such as daily lectures and non academic activities count a lot for the researchers ability to get needed materials and information for the research work.

FINANCE: - It is the economic main source of power of everyone in any undertaking owing to financial constraints faced by the researchers hews could not get all the necessary materials

1.7       DEFINITION OF TERMS

Law of comparative advantage: - this is an economic theory propounded by an ancient economist named David Ricardo. The law of comparative advantages state that a country should concentrate absolutely in the production of goods and services in which she can produce at least or lowest cost, so that she can have advantage (in term of production) over other countries of the world.  

COLLECTION: - Collection means the handling by bank of financial and of commercial document in accordance with instruction received. In order to obtain acceptance and payment or deliver document on other terms and conditions.

CLEAN COLLECTION AND DOCUMENTARY COLLECTION: - Clan collection means collection of financial documents not accompanied by universal document e.g collection of proceeds of a foreign cheque or bill of exchange etc. while a documentary collection is the collection of universal documents whether or not they are accompanied by financial documents.

DOCUMENTARY LETTER OF CREDIT: - According to UCP 500, it means any agreement however named or described, whereby a bank (the “issuing bank”) acting at the request and on the instructions of a customers (The applicant”) or on its own behalf. 

1. Is to make a payment to or the order of third party (the “Beneficiary”) or is to accosts and pay bills of exchange (Draft(s)) drawn by the beneficiary, or.
2. Authorizes another bank to effect such payment, or to accept and pay such bill osf exchange (Draft) or
3. Authorizes another bank against stipulated documents, provides that the terms and conditions oaf the credit are complied with   

Foreign Exchange: - This is mathematical expression of the international medium of exchange and monetary system as a process of setting foreign accounts or debts arising from international economic activities.

Exchange Rates: - These are the rates quoted for the purchase and sales of foreign exchange where delivery is to be made at future date. Forward rates arises under forward exchange contracts and this is a contract entered into between exporter/importer where bank agree to buy and sell the stated quantity of foreign currency at a future date at a rate of exchange  determined when the forward contract is made.

Cross Rates: - This is the rate at which price of the currency of one country is quoted viz. another country’s currency but in dealing canter of a third country. Hence, cross rates and rates of exchange which are between two currencies but in a third country.  

Forward Exchange Contract: - A forward exchange contract is defined as an immediate film and binding contract between a bank and its customers for the purchase or sale of a specified quantity of a stated foreign currency and payment for it at a future time which is agreed upon making the contract.  

Option Contract: - An option contract is a forward exchange contract of which gives the customer the option to call performance of the contract other at any date from the day the contract was made to specified dates both of which are in future. The purpose of an option contract is to avoid having to renew a forward contract through extending it for a few days.