THE EVALUATION OF FINANCIAL PERFORMANCE, MEASURES AS DETERMINANTS OF DIVIDEND POLICIES IN NIGERIA BANKING INDUSTRY (A STUDY OF ACCESS BANK PLC AND GUARANTY TRUST BANK PLC)

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background of the Study

So many factors affect the performance of corporate organizations and one of those factors is dividend policy. Dividend policy serves as a mechanism for control of a managerial opportunism. Empirical studies show that firms in developing Countries (e.g. Nigeria) smooth on their income and therefore, their dividends. The pattern of corporate dividend policies not only varies over time but also across countries, especially between developed, developing and emerging Capital markets. If the value of a company is the function of its dividend payments, dividend policy will affect directly the firm’s cost of capital.

 Dividend is the return that accrues to shareholders as a result of the money invested in acquiring the stock of a given company (Eriki and Okafor 2002). While dividend policy on the other hand is concerned with division of net profit after taxes between payments to shareholders (ordinary shareholders) and retention for reinvestment on behalf of the shareholders (Kempner 1980) a difficult decision for both public and private limited companies is to determine the appropriate level of dividend to be paid to shareholders, and to decide whether or not to offer non-cash alternatives such as scrip dividends.

According to Davidson (1990) the existence of some share price reactions on dividend announcement prompts an analysis of the evidence for both shareholder clienteles and possible interaction of firms’ dividend policies with key activities such as internal investments. An aspect of the theory of dividend policy is part of a continuum of control allocations between managers and investors, and hence cross-sectional variations in dividend policy are driven by an underlying factor. The allocation of controls between the manager and investors is important not because of agency or private information problems, but because of its potentially divergent beliefs that can lead to a disagreement about the value of project available to the firm. This underlying factor is “Corporate Performance”.‘Corporate performance is at the heart of the managerial function of an organization’ (Samuel 1989). Analysis of corporate performance is mainly concerned with the development of a modeling methodology to help in the diagnosis of past performance and thus provide a framework for evaluating the effect of changes in operating parameters as a guide for future planning. The performance of an Organization is measured by the choice of the management form of wealth to be held. If the performance of an organization is good there will be little or no disagreement between the management and the shareholders.

In evaluating Corporate Performance, the emphasis is on assessing the current behavior of the organization in respect to its efficiency and effectiveness. To measure overall corporate performance goals are set for each of these perspectives and specific measure for achieving such goals are determined. Each of these perspectives is critical and must be considered simultaneously, to achieve overall efficiency and effectiveness, and to succeed in the long-run. If any area is either over-emphasized or underemphasized, performance evaluation will become ‘unbalanced’. In this way, the aim of the concept is to establish a set of measures both financial and non-financial, through which, a company can control its activities and balance various measures to effectively track performance.

Modigliani and Miller (1961) observed that ‘The theoretical principles underlying the dividend policy and its impact on firms can be described either in terms of dividend irrelevance or dividend relevance theory’. Therefore, dividend policy is irrelevant for the cost of capital and the value of the firms in a world without taxes or transaction cost. This shows that when investors can create any income pattern by selling and buying shares, the expected return required to induce them to hold firm’s shares will be invariant to the way the firm packages its dividend payments and new issues of shares. It is to be observed that a firm’s assets, investments opportunities, expected future net cash flows and cost of capital are not affected by the choices of dividend policy.

Agrawal and Jayaraman (2004) observed that Dividend payments and leverage policy are substitute mechanism for controlling the agency cost of free cash flow hence, improves performance. If a firm’s policy is to pay dividend each year end to shareholders, the level of activity in the organization will increase to obtain more income and have excess retained earnings to meet the standard set.

Brockington (1987) observed that ‘Dividend policy has the effect of destabilizing dividend as only a prolonged increase or decrease in profits will affect the average sufficiency to have any appreciable effect on the size of the distribution’. Since it is a conservative dividend policy-in the long run, only one half of all profits will be distributed and there will be substantial buildup of retained earnings. This will certainly reinforce further, the consistency of dividends, which could for a while, be maintained even in the face of actual losses. It may also relieve the company of having recourse to external sources of finance. The retention under this policy bears no relationship to the availability of profitable investment opportunities. The risk is that projects yielding less than the true cost of capital will be undertaken in order to absorb funds which would otherwise lie idle. Samuels and Wilkes (2005) stated that the shareholders are entitled to a revenue stream of dividends. The value of the share corresponds to the present value of this stream of dividend payments.

1.2 Statement of the problem

The major factor that necessitated this research work is  that previous studies has shown that the financial performance of Nigerian banks are very poor when compared with their counterpart in other developed countries, as a result of this the researcher tends to examine the relationship between financial performance measures and determinants of dividend policies in Nigeria Banking industry.

1.3 Objective of the study

The aim of this research work is to evaluate the financial performance that measures and determine dividend policies in Nigeria Banking industry with particular reference to two selected banks in Enugu metropolis. The specific objectives of this research work include the following;

1.  To examine the relationship between earning per share and dividend per share of selected Nigerian banks  .

2.  To evaluate the relationship between firm size and dividend per share of Nigerian banks.

3.  To examine the relationship between return on asset and dividend per share of Nigerian banks.

4.  To evaluate the relationship between net assets value per share and dividend per share of Nigerian banks.

1.4 Research Questions

The researcher developed the following research questions;

1.  What is the relationship between earning per share and dividend per share of selected Nigerian banks?

2.  Is there any relationship between firm size and dividend per share of Nigerian banks?

3.  What is the relationship between return on asset and dividend per share of Nigerian banks?

4.  What is the relationship between Net assets value per share and dividend per share of Nigerian banks?

1.5      Research Hypotheses

Ho: There is no relationship between earning per share and dividend per share of selected banks in Nigeria.

H1: There is a significant relationship between earning per share and dividend per share of selected banks in Nigeria.

Ho: There is no relationship between firm size and dividend per share of Nigerian banks.

H1: There is significant relationship between firm size and dividend per share of Nigerian banks.

Ho: There is no relationship between return on asset and dividend per share of Nigerian banks.

H1: There is great relationship between return on asset and dividend per share of Nigerian banks.

Ho: There is no relationship between NAVPS and dividend per share of Nigerian banks.

H1: There are so many relationships between NAVPS and dividend per share of Nigerian banks.

1.6 Significance of the study

This research work will be of immense help to the researcher as it will help him to know more on the financial performance measures and determinants of dividend policies in Nigerian banking industry. It will also be of great importance to Nigerian banks as it will enrich their knowledge on the benefits and usefulness of dividend policies and other financial variables on their performance. 

This study will be of great importance to the students and other researchers since it will serve as a reference point for the upcoming researchers. Finally, this study will be of great importance to the general public as it will help the policy makers to enact laws that will guide dividend policies in the country, Nigeria.

1.7 Scope And Limitations Of The Study

The study shall focus on the evaluation of the financial performance measures and determinants of dividend policies in Nigerian banking industrywith specific reference to Access Bank Plc and Guarantee Trust bank Plc all in Enugu metropolis.

The researcher in carrying out this study encountered numerous problems, which include:

INADEQUATE MATERIALS: Inadequate research materials was also one of the problems faced by the researcher in the cause of this research work.