ACCOUNTING IN THE NIGERIA PUBLIC SECTOR PROBLEMS AND PROSPECTS (A Case Study Of Selected Government Establishment In Okpe Local Government Area Of Delta State)

CHAPTER ONE

1.1 INTRODUCTION/BACKGROUND 
Accounting has often been described as the language of business and accounting profession as the back bone of organization. This is because accounting besides duties plays the role of custodian of the finances of such organization and also serves as the vehicle for employing these funds in such ventures as to promote survival and growth. But accounting is a dynamic profession. Like language it is not static it grows, embracing additional roles in its development trail. The accounting profession, as it affects the public sector of the economy, provides figures and information on the past performance of this sector for planning for the future. Government budgets depends on information supplied through accounting
It is a thing of joy that an accounting body in Nigerian, the institute of chartered accountant s of Nigerian (ICAN), and the association of National, Accountants of Nigerian (ANAN), has lately accredited two institutions as recognized training centre for the purpose of training accountants solely for the public sector. Today a new scheme, the accounting technicians scheme (ATS).
The Nigerian college of accounting, Joy has been designed to train and develop the manpower required for the public sector. However, laudable as this innovation is the content of the is the ATS is grossly inadequate to turn out the required manpower for the public sector. The truth is that the curriculum for government accounting is yet to be fully developed and integrated into the accountancy programmes of our institutions. Beside, there is a great dealt of textbook on government accounting in the country, which almost makes the ATS NON-starter. These are problems that must be promptly tackled. 
The government treasury schools has provide the public sector accountant the technical skill, but awards no certificates. As a result of various development over the years, the complex system of federal, STATE AND LOCAL GOVERNMENT departments and training organizations as well as various public sector organisations, operating at national, state and local level.
These organisations, which are non-proprietary in nature provides goods and services, , which are often decided no political and collective basis of what is thought to be needed or signals.
Government establishment are set up to provides social goods and services for public welfare, since this establishment finances their activities principally from governments sub venture which are derived directly and indirectly from governments various sources of revenue (such as fees, charges, central or local taxation and borrowing ), the need for a good book-keeping and accounting system, together with proper accountability for public funds at the operations disposed cannot be over emphasized.
The problems often encountered by operators of government establishment in maintaining a good accounting system with a view of enhancing accountability and the prospect accounting in these establishment is the object of this research work.

1.2 STATEMENT OF PROBLEM 
It is worthy to note that accounting information often sufferer a lots of distortion due to clerical technical and non-professional errors consequently, most operators or practitioners of accounting information desired for management decisions.
Although, these problems are common to the private and public sector suffer more 
Among the problems common to the government accounting unit are
(a) Delay in receiving reports from out stations which subsequently delay the preparation of financial report.
(b) Delay in presentation and preparation of annual financial statement 
(c) Actual values of expenditures are not reported due to tack of technical skills amongst most of the accountants in the various sub-sectors 
(d) Untimely reconciliation accounts 
(e) Inconsistency in government accounting system and circum venations of government accounting regulations and procedures is also making comparism and evaluations difficult for planning 
(f) Using untrained personnel to do the accounting work.
(g) Irregular balancing of books of accounts
(h) Lack of proper and suitable accounting systems.
(i) Inefficiency of accounting and internal audits. 
(j) Ineffective control systems.
(k) Negative attitude of government functionaries towards accountability

1.3 PURPOSE OF THE STUDY
Certain objective have informed the choice of this study. The purpose of the study include:
1. To establish the effectiveness of the existing systems of accounting of government unit.
2. To appraise the system and ascertain their suitability 
3. To identify and analysis the problems associated with the system of accounting adopted by these organisations, examine their root causes and based on the outcome of the analysis draw conclusion 
4. To undertake a prospective view of government accounting need and identify possible improvement development of its application by the public sector

1.4 SIGNIFICANCE OF STUDY 
Having identified and analyzed the problems and prospect of accounting in the public sector accompanied by the desired recommendation to remedy these problems so as to pave a way for improved quality of accounting information prepared and presented by government accounting personnel or practitioners, it is hoped that this project work will enhanced decisions making of users of such accounting information. To this end, it is felt that the following group of users would benefit from this projects
1. Staff and practitioners of government accounting who would find the information in improving their job.
2. It will serve as a reference material to accounting students, lectures and researchers who might lay their hands on a copy in the library for academic and research purposes in the futures.
3. Moreover, the success of this work could be of immense benefit to the operations of government establishment whose financial information need for decision making purpose in very paramount 
4. Finally, the general public also stands to benefit from this work in a various ways.

1.5 SCOPE AND LIMITATION OF THE STUDY 
A research work of this nature is a lengthy one and the research, though intend to conduct an extensive survey, nevertheless the study study shall be restricted to selected government establishments in Okpe local government area in Delta state. 
Moreover, in carrying out the research, certain category of people, which include accountants, other accounts, audit and stores personnel from grade level of and above in these selected few are best suited these for a research of this kind.
Other limitation factors which might further create some constraints include the following.
1. Time constraint 
2. Resources at the researchers disposal 
3. Availability of relevant data of information
4. Existence of other limiting factors not readily envisaged 

1.6 RESEARCH QUESTIONS:
The research questions guiding this study are:
1. To what extent has the self accounting system recently introduced into government accounting, help to make accountability more efficient 
2. Will extensive accounting training in the public sector enhance the performance of government accountants.
3. Are the public sector accountants more likely to be less efficient than private sector accountants since they only operate fund accounting system
4. Are the exiting problems of accounting in the public sector the products of human deficiency 

PROJECT WORK CONTENTS DESCRIPTION

The following are the descriptions of the contents of the project work titled ”Accounting In The Nigeria Public Sector Problems And Prospects”

The preliminary part of this project contains Title Page, Approve Page, Dedication, Acknowledgement, Abstract, Proposal Page and Table Of Content

Chapter One of “Accounting In The Nigeria Public Sector Problems And Prospects” contains: Introduction/Background Of Study, Statement Of Problem, Purpose Of Study, Significance Of Study, Scope And Limitation Of Study and Research Question .

Chapter Two of “Accounting In The Nigeria Public Sector Problems And Prospects” contains: Literature Review, Who Is An Accountant, Accounting Defined, Books-Keeping And Account Differentiated, Government Accounting Defined, Objective Of Accounting In The Public Sector, Legal Basis, The Nature Of Nigerian Public Sector Accounting, The Scope Of Public Sector Accounting, Government And Commercial Accounting Compared, Some Identified Problem Of The Nigeria and Public Sector Accounting .

Chapter Three of “Accounting In The Nigeria Public Sector Problems And Prospects” contains: Research Methodology, Study/ Research Design, Population Of Study, Sample Size and Method Of Date Collection .

Chapter Four of “Accounting In The Nigeria Public Sector Problems And Prospects” contains: Data Analysis, Data Presentation, Interpretation Of Demographic Characteristics, Assessment Of The Accounting System Of The Public Sector, Testing Of Research Question and Major Findings .

Chapter Five of “Accounting In The Nigeria Public Sector Problems And Prospects” contains: Summary, Recommendation And Conclusion, Suggestion For Area Of Further Research, Bibliography and Appendix .