ACCOUNTING FOR PEACE AND ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT IN NIGERIA, THE NORTH EAST CASE

CHAPTER ONE 

INTRODUCTION   

1.1   BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY 

The term peace is relative and the conditions for peace differ from one society or nation to another. However Ibeanue (2005) asserted that peace is a process involving activities that are linked to increasing development and reducing conflict. It is described as justice and development, respect and tolerance between people, wholeness and making whole, and the absence of war. Despite its relative nature, peace has a common denominator, i.e. the harmonious or friendly pursuit of individual and collective interest defined by rules of conduct or standard of behaviour. Thus, in this context, peace is described as a condition in which people live in agreement with accepted standards of conduct or rules of behaviour that promote public good and the happiness of every one. The exploitation and production of oil in the Niger-Delta have created some of the largest fortunes for the multinational companies and have helped to achieve impressive economic growth and development of the Nigeria state, but little or no attention has been directed by both the multinational companies and the Nigeria governments to the effects of such oil activities on the welfare of oil producing communities (Ikein, 1990). Oil has not as expected brought prosperity, better living conditions and governmental attention and development; rather it has become a curse and impoverishes the inhabitants of the Niger-Delta region. However a fight for their rights against the multinational companies and the Federal Government has resulted in large-scale violence, crisis, social tension, hostage taking, man slaughter, kidnapping and other social vices of the region. The aftermath of these vices, is the high degree of insecurity in the region, which has led to the withdrawal of major oil producing companies from the region. The low level of oil production as a result of insecurity of lives and property in the region has a strong negative impact on the Nigerian economy (Ikelegbe, 2008). In their effort to bring the situation under control, the multinational companies, governments and other stakeholders have been clamouring for peace in the Niger-Delta region to boost economic development.   

1.2   PROBLEM OF THE STUDY 

Various strategies are being devised by the multinational companies and the government for the enthronement of pace in the Niger-Delta region of Nigeria. Multinational companies are spending so much money to hire security agents to protect their facilities and personnel from militant attacks. The government on the other hand is spending huge amount of money to maintain peace-keeping forces in the region. In 2009, the Federal Government of Nigeria under the administration of President Umaru Musa Yar, Adua, granted amnesty to militants and these former militants are currently on the payroll of the government thereby reducing government current revenue. Akeem and Erhun (2010) posited that the recurrent expenditure of the Federal Government increases on a basis at an average of 12.69 due to security measures taken by governments to ensuring peace in the Niger-Delta region. It is upon this premise that this paper tends to investigate the impact of cost of peace-keeping in North-East region and the economic development of Nigeria.   

1.3   OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY 

The objectives of this study include but not limited to; 

1.  To evaluate the impact of the peace on economic development in North-East region of Nigeria. 

2.  To identify the causes of peace alteration in North-East region and the economic development of Nigeria. 

3.  To promote peace and economic development in North-East region Nigeria. 

4.  To determine the relationship between peace accounting and economic development.

1.4   RESEARCH QUESTIONS 

1.  What is the impact of the peace on economic development in North-East region of Nigeria? 

2.  What are the causes of peace alteration in North-East region and the economic development of Nigeria? 

3.  How can peace and economic development be promoted in North-East region Nigeria? 

4.  What is the relationship between peace accounting and economic development? 

1.5   RESEARCH HYPOTHESIS 

H0:   There is no significant impact of the peace on economic development in North-East region of Nigeria. 

H1: There is no significant impact of the peace on economic development in North-East region of Nigeria. 

1.6   SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY   

This study will be of immense benefit to other researchers who intend to know more on this topic and can also be used by non-researchers to build more on their work. The study will also contribute to knowledge and could serve as a bench mark or guide for other work or study. 

1.7   SCOPE OF THE STUDY 

This research focuses mainly on the impact of peace on the economic development in North-East region of Nigeria. 

1.8   LIMITATIONS OF THE STUDY   

The only limitation faced by the researcher in the course of carrying out this study was the delay in getting data from the various respondents. Most respondents were reluctant in filling questionnaires administered to them due to the peace threat experienced in the region. The researcher found it difficult to collect responses from the various respondents, and this almost hampered the success of this study. 

1.9   DEFINITION OF TERMS 

PEACE: Peace occurs between heterogeneous social groups and is characterized by a lack of conflict and freedom from fear of violence. 

ECONOMY: This refers to the wealth and resources of a country or religion, especially in terms of the production and consumption of goods and service. It is also the state of a country or region in terms of the production and consumption of goods and services and the supply of money. 

DEVELOPMENT: the process in which someone or something grows or changes and becomes more advanced.